Friday, April 22, 2022

Research Paper for Capstone MA History Program ASU

 A Selection from my Capstone Research Paper on Tolerance in New Netherland.

WIC Policies and their Impact on Religion in New Netherland

Dorine White

History 591

April 17, 2022

Introduction

New Netherland began as a trading post for the Dutch West India Company (WIC), a multi-level company that employed thousands of sailors, soldiers, and settlers. During the seventeenth century, the company controlled the political, legal, and religious aspects of the area, and with the Estates-General (the Dutch parliamentary assembly) an ocean away, the company took upon the powers of a state. As an extension of the Dutch Republic, the WIC shared a "Liberty of Conscience" religious policy with its homeland, but religious intolerance sprouted in the new colony when local political and religious leaders felt that religious diversity caused disorder and chaos. Peter Stuyvesant, the governor of New Netherland between 1647 and 1664, often took issue with WIC policies regarding the treatment of peoples of other faiths. Stuyvesant wanted the North American colony to conform to the Reformed Church, and his actions prompted colonists and members of other religions to fight for their own rights. The WIC repeatedly intervened against the governor's decisions concerning different religions, intent on peace and decorum. In addition, because of continuous clashes from colonists over religious freedom, persecution became illegal. When the British conquered New Netherland in 1664, they found a Dutch colony prepared to accept other religions.

Yet, the actions from the WIC were not out of concern for religious freedom or protection of liberty of conscience. Instead, from the beginning, first as a trading post and later as a settlement, the policies of the Dutch West India Company toward New Netherland showed a desire for peaceful and profitable trading. The responses and policies of the WIC reflected their commitment to commerce first and religion second or not at all. While the leaders of New Netherland sought uniformity through religious suppression, the WIC sought tolerance in the name of profit. These competing visions had the unintended consequence of creating an environment where colonists could get their own religions recognized and promote religious tolerance.

            This paper investigates the effects of the Dutch West India Company's goals and policies on the developing colony of New Netherland. It shows that individuals of the community continually fought for religious rights and how the persistence of that struggle allowed an opportunity for the WIC to use religion to achieve its own goals of peace intermingled with prosperity. By building on current political, economic, and religious studies involving the lives and beliefs of the Dutch colonists, my research traces the changes in thought and policy that occurred from the founding of New Netherland in 1614 until its turnover to the English in 1664. The overall actions and declarations of the WIC allowed religion to be used as a stepping stone to further company growth and profit. In turn, these policies blocked local leadership's desire for religious uniformity. By researching the roots of Reformed Calvinism in the Netherlands during the Dutch Golden Age, the origins and mission of the WIC, and finally, the founding of New Netherland, this paper shows that Calvinism in New Netherland took a different path than in the Dutch Republic. The divergent way lent itself to religiously intolerant rules and actions of the Calvinist leaders in the colonies. To support this claim, this paper documents personal and company correspondence with the WIC and describes the impact that various rulings had on settlers in New Netherland, how those rulings left space for other religions to fight for acknowledgment, and how the WIC used religion to benefit their company.


Wednesday, August 11, 2021

Magical Thinking Poetry Selection for Eng. 106

Magical Thinking Poem

Assignment-

To create a poem using the elements of sound, rhythm, syntax, and imagery that expresses magical thinking.


Sleep, Dear Abby

 Lavender, lilacs, luscious smells

Sprinkle upon the bed where the child dwells.

Little lamb

so small and meek

Close your eyes

it’s time to sleep.


Frantic, frenzied, furious play

Now fades away at the end of day.

Little lamb 

so small and meek

Close your eyes 

it’s time to sleep.


Magic, messy, mayhem stop!

Your muscles feel tired and you might just drop.

Little lamb

so small and meek

Close your eyes

it’s time to sleep.


Spinning, swirling, spirited fun

Won’t you pause now that the day is done?

Little lamb

you’re loved so much

Fall asleep

with mama’s gentle touch

Example of a Claim Business Letter for Eng. 235 Technical Writing

Example of a Claim Business Letter

Purpose:

The purpose of this assignment is to know how to write a clear, concise, and coherent business letter in a formal tone with a professional style. This assignment will also assist in learning how to write a direct letter in a brief manner. Word choice and quality comes into play when writing a business letter because you will need to learn to select the best words and ideas to quickly get your point across.

Instructions:

For the claim letter, you will explain a problem in a professional tone and describe the remedy being sought.




A Description of the Standard Washing Machine for Eng. 235 Technical Writing

 A Description of the Standard Washing Machine

Purpose:

The purpose of the technical description project is to enhance how to clearly describe the features, functions, and stages of something in major and minor detail using plain style writing for understandability.

Additionally, the purpose of the technical specification project is to enhance how to reference clearly and quickly an explicit set of requirements in order to provide the necessary details about a product's specific requirements using plain style writing for understandability.

By highlighting necessary major and minor details and explicit standards for a product, you will be able to enhance your writing ability to determine the rhetorical situation and then take any technical situation or subject and plan, research, and partition the subject with a clear purpose. This assignment will also help you to write for a specific audience in order to enhance your formal word choice, technical descriptive voice, and be sensitive to jargon.

Assignment Guidelines:

For this assignment, you will create an original technical description and specification, for a general audience, using an assigned product. 


Technical Description and Specification

 

Introduction-General Description

The washing machine is a clothes cleaning device that agitates soapy water to clean clothing. This process is followed by a rinse of clean water and a spin cycle that drains the water from the machine.

The history of washing clothes has evolved from washerwomen rubbing wet clothing against rocks to the first patent of a washing device in 1797 by Nathaniel Briggs. The 20th century brought electric machines that replaced the earlier manual models. Today, electric washing machines include many automatic operating functions.


Description of Parts and Their Function


Washing machines vary in size and load capacity. Compact washers usually are 2.30 to 2.45 cubic feet, while standard washers may range from 3.1 to 4 cubic feet, and high-efficiency top-load washers as large as 5 cubic feet. 


Compact Standard High-Efficiency


2.3 -2.45 cu ft. 3.1 – 4 cu ft. 3.5 – 5 cu ft.


 A washing machine is made up of many parts (See Image). First, there is a water pump that circulates
the water through the machine. A water inlet control valve allows for hot or cold water to enter the machine from the inlet. The drum is the storage area where the clothes are washed. It consists of two parts, the inner and outer drum. The inner tub holds the clothing and is perforated with holes to allow water in and out. The outer tub contains the inner drum and stops leakage into the rest of the machine. The agitator rises through the middle of the inner drum. The agitator moves the clothing and rotates to produce currents of water for cleaning. The front panel houses the printed circuit board (PCB) and contains the electronics that operate the machine. A timer is next to the PCB. It sets the wash time for your clothes. Hose connectors connect your washing machine with the water pump and the valve that supplies water to each wash cycle. Finally, to prevent leakage from the bottom of the machine, there is an air dome pressure seal and a centre post gasket, the main tub outer seal.


Operating Description

         Directions on the usage of a washing machine begin with filling the inner drum with laundry and then adding laundry detergent. Set the programmer and timer to one's desired time and temperature. Start the machine, and the inner drum will fill with water and begin to rotate back and forth. After agitation with soapy water, the water pump will drain the tub, and then the hoses and valves will open to fill the machine with clean water. Following the rinse, the inner drum will spin at high speed, and any remaining water will be removed from the machine.


Conclusion

The washing machine is an amazing modern convenience that allows people to wash clothing quickly and efficiently, saving time and money.